LKOS Law Office Oy – General Terms of Legal Services

(Effective as of November 2025)

These terms (“Terms”) apply to all legal services and advice (“Services”) provided by LKOS Law Office Oy (Business ID 2666655-6, “LKOS Law”, “we”) to its customer (“Customer”). By engaging us, the Customer accepts these Terms. If there is a conflict between these Terms and the written engagement letter, the engagement letter shall prevail.

1. Engagement and Parties

Each engagement is established solely between the Customer and LKOS Law.
Partners, lawyers, and employees of LKOS Law bear no personal liability toward the Customer, except where mandatory law requires otherwise.

A responsible partner will be appointed for each engagement and will determine the team and resources assigned. We do not guarantee the outcome of any matter.

The use of external advisors (e.g. foreign law firms or other experts) requires the Customer’s prior approval. We are not responsible for their services or fees. We reserve the right to decline an engagement.

2. Scope and Limitations of Services

The scope of Services is agreed at the beginning of the engagement and may be modified by mutual consent.

Our advice is based on Finnish law; any comments regarding other jurisdictions do not constitute legal advice, and we accept no responsibility for them.

Unless otherwise expressly agreed in writing, the Services do not include tax, accounting, technical, environmental, or financial advice.

Accurate advice requires that the Customer provides complete and up-to-date information. We are not liable for consequences resulting from incomplete, delayed, or incorrect information.

The Customer may not assign any rights or claims arising from the engagement to third parties without our written consent.

3. Conflicts of Interest

We conduct a conflict check before accepting an engagement.
If a conflict arises, we will act promptly in accordance with professional ethics, including withdrawal from the matter if necessary.
We are not liable for costs arising from such withdrawal.

4. Fees, Costs, Estimates, and Invoicing

Unless otherwise agreed, our fees are determined based on factors including:
(i) time spent,
(ii) complexity and urgency,
(iii) expertise and resources required,
(iv) value and significance of the matter, and
(v) risks and time constraints involved.

Fee estimates are indicative only. We will inform the Customer without undue delay if an estimate needs to be updated due to changed circumstances.

We are entitled to incur reasonable external costs on behalf of the Customer unless instructed otherwise.

Invoices are typically issued monthly, with a payment term of 14 days net.
A general office surcharge of 3% is added to cover administrative, IT/AI tools, databases, document management, and archiving costs.
This surcharge is not recoverable from the opposing party in litigation or arbitration.

Value added tax (VAT) is added in accordance with applicable law.
Late payments accrue interest at 10% per annum.
If the Customer is required to withhold any taxes or charges, the payment shall be grossed up so that we receive the full invoiced amount net.

5. Advance Payments

We may request an advance payment before commencing work.
The advance will be applied toward future invoices.
The final fee may exceed or fall below the advance amount.

6. Customer Identification, Anti-Money Laundering, and Sanctions

We comply with the Finnish Anti-Money Laundering Act (444/2017).
We identify the Customer, its ownership structure, representatives, and, where applicable, ultimate beneficial owners and the origin of funds.

We may be required to suspend or decline an engagement and to report suspicions to authorities without informing the Customer.
We are not liable for damages resulting from compliance with statutory obligations.

We comply with applicable EU, UN, UK, and US sanctions.
Sanctions-related reasons may justify or require immediate suspension or termination of an engagement.
We are not liable for costs resulting from such termination.

7. Tax Reporting (DAC6)

Certain cross-border arrangements may trigger mandatory reporting under DAC6.
Due to professional secrecy obligations, we will not file such reports unless expressly agreed in writing.
The Customer is responsible for ensuring compliance with DAC6 reporting obligations either by itself or through other advisors.

8. Communication, IT, and Cybersecurity

We use email, cloud-based document and client management systems, and AI-assisted tools.
These systems are assessed as appropriate, but full protection against cyber threats, software errors, or service interruptions cannot be guaranteed.
We are not liable for damages resulting from such incidents unless mandatory law provides otherwise.

For urgent communications, the Customer should confirm receipt by telephone.

9. Confidentiality, References, and Inside Information

We are bound by statutory and professional confidentiality obligations.

We may share necessary information with the Customer’s other advisors or external experts for the proper handling of the engagement.

References: Unless otherwise agreed, we may name the Customer and describe the engagement in general terms in proposals, business applications (e.g. league tables, directories), and other confidential materials.
In public communications (e.g. website, social media, marketing), we will use only public information or information authorized for such use by the Customer.

For listed company engagements, we comply with the EU Market Abuse Regulation (EU 596/2014) and maintain insider lists when required.

10. Intellectual Property Rights

All intellectual property rights to documents and materials produced by us remain the property of LKOS Law.
The Customer is granted a non-exclusive right to use such materials for the specific purpose for which they were provided.
No reliance may be placed on such materials for other purposes without our consent.

11. Personal Data

We process personal data in accordance with the GDPR and applicable national laws for purposes such as identification, conflict checks, engagement administration, billing, and marketing.

The Customer shall ensure that its representatives, owners, and employees are informed of such processing.
Our Privacy Policy is available on our website.

12. Document Retention

Unless otherwise agreed or required by law, we retain engagement materials for ten (10) years after the completion of the engagement, after which they may be destroyed without prior notice.

13. Litigation and Arbitration Costs; Insurance

The Customer is responsible for LKOS Law’s fees and expenses in litigation and arbitration matters regardless of any cost award against the opposing party or insurance coverage.
We are not responsible for the extent to which such insurance or cost recovery materializes.

14. Limitation of Liability

Our liability is limited to direct financial loss suffered by the Customer as a result of our error, omission, or breach of contract.
We are not liable for indirect or consequential losses, such as loss of profit, business, reputation, data, or opportunity.

Our total aggregate liability per engagement (or related engagements) shall not exceed EUR 200,000.

Our liability is reduced by any insurance, indemnity, or compensation available to the Customer.
We are not liable if our advice or materials are used for purposes other than those for which they were provided, or if relied upon by third parties without our consent.

Unless expressly agreed, we do not assume responsibility for any tax consequences or related risks.

These limitations equally benefit LKOS Law’s partners, employees, and other persons acting on its behalf.
Where mandatory law imposes personal liability, the above monetary limits shall apply as the maximum cap of such liability.

15. Settlements and Third-Party Claims

If the Customer faces a third-party claim (including by an authority) based on our advice or engagement, we are entitled to respond and negotiate settlement on the Customer’s behalf, provided that we release the Customer from such claim in accordance with the settlement and that the Customer assigns any related rights of recourse to us or our insurer.

If the Customer settles or takes other action without our consent, we are not liable for any resulting consequences.

16. Termination of Engagement

The Customer may terminate the engagement at any time by written notice.

We may suspend or terminate the engagement in case of non-payment, incomplete information, loss of trust, AML/sanctions barriers, or ethical/professional grounds.

The Customer remains liable for all fees and costs accrued up to the date of termination.

17. Complaints and Limitation Period

Any complaint or claim for compensation must be submitted in writing within 12 months from the earlier of:
(i) the date on which the advice was given, or
(ii) the date on which the engagement or its material part can reasonably be deemed to have ended.

If we pay compensation, the Customer assigns to us (or our insurer) any rights of recourse against third parties relating to the matter.

18. Governing Law and Dispute Resolution

These Terms, the engagement, and the Services are governed by Finnish law, excluding its conflict of law rules.

Any dispute shall be finally resolved by arbitration under the Rules of the Arbitration Institute of the Finland Chamber of Commerce.
The seat of arbitration shall be Helsinki, Finland, the language Finnish or English.

In disputes exceeding EUR 2,000,000, either party may require a tribunal of three arbitrators.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, LKOS Law may recover undisputed or clearly due receivables before the District Court of Helsinki or the competent court at the Customer’s domicile.

19. Amendments

We may update these Terms from time to time.
The latest version is available at www.lkoslaw.fi.
The amended Terms apply to engagements commenced after their publication.